V2EX degrees-of-freedom

Degrees of Freedom

定义 Definition

degrees of freedom自由度;指一个系统中相互独立、可自由变化的变量/参数的数量。常见于物理学(力学、热力学)、工程学与统计学(如卡方检验中的自由度)。也可引申为“可选择/可行动的余地”。

发音 Pronunciation

/driz v fridm/

例句 Examples

A rigid body in 3D space has six degrees of freedom.
三维空间中的刚体有六个自由度。

Because the model includes many correlated predictors, we reduced the degrees of freedom to avoid overfitting.
由于模型包含许多彼此相关的预测变量,我们减少了自由度以避免过拟合。

词源 Etymology

该短语由 degree(程度、级;也可指“一个变化维度/方向”)freedom(自由) 组合而成,字面是“自由的程度/层级”,在科学语境中逐渐固定为“独立可变的数量”。其中 degree 源自拉丁语 gradus(步、级),freedom 源自古英语 frēodōm(自由的状态)。

相关词 Related Words

文学与经典著作 Literary Works

  • Richard P. Feynman, Robert B. Leighton, Matthew Sands:《The Feynman Lectures on Physics》(《费曼物理学讲义》)中在力学与热学相关章节讨论系统的自由度
  • Herbert Goldstein:《Classical Mechanics》(《经典力学》)中用“degrees of freedom”系统描述广义坐标与约束
  • E. T. Jaynes:《Probability Theory: The Logic of Science》(《概率论:科学的逻辑》)中在统计推断与模型复杂度语境下提及自由度概念
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