V2EX despotism

Despotism

释义 Definition

名词 (n.) 专制统治;暴政。指一个人或少数人拥有绝对权力、不受法律或制度约束的统治方式。

发音 Pronunciation

/dsptzm/

例句 Examples

The country suffered under years of despotism before the people finally rose up.
这个国家在多年的专制统治下饱受苦难,人民最终奋起反抗。

Enlightenment thinkers argued that despotism was incompatible with the natural rights of individuals, and that no ruler should hold power without the consent of the governed.
启蒙思想家认为,专制主义与个人的自然权利是不相容的,任何统治者都不应在未经被统治者同意的情况下掌握权力。

词源 Etymology

源自希腊语 despotēs,意为"主人、统治者",经由法语 despotisme 进入英语。在古希腊语中,这个词最初指家庭中的主人,并不带有贬义。后来在政治语境中逐渐演变为指不受约束的绝对统治,带有强烈的负面含义。该词在18世纪启蒙运动时期被广泛使用,用以批判专制君主制度。

相关词汇 Related Words

文学作品 Literary References

  • 孟德斯鸠(Montesquieu)在《论法的精神》(The Spirit of the Laws)中将 despotism 列为一种与共和制和君主制并列的政体形式,认为其统治原则是恐惧。
  • 托克维尔(Alexis de Tocqueville)在《论美国的民主》(Democracy in America)中提出了"多数人的暴政"(tyranny of the majority)概念,并警告民主社会中可能出现一种新型的温和 despotism。
  • 约翰斯图尔特密尔(John Stuart Mill)在《论自由》(On Liberty)中多次使用该词,讨论社会和政府对个人自由的压制。
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